How Harrison Won the Election of 1840

The election of 1840 was fueled by slogans, songs, and alcohol, and in some ways that distant election can be considered  the precursor of the modern presidential campaign. The incumbent was a man of sophisticated political skills. He had served in a variety of offices and put together the coalition that brought Andrew Jackson to the White House. And his challenger was elderly and infirm, with qualifications that were questionable. But that didnt matter. Talk of log cabins and hard cider and an obscure battle from decades earlier culminated in a landslide that turned out the incumbent, Martin Van Buren, and brought an aging and sickly politician, William Henry Harrison, into the White House. Background of the 1840 Presidential Election What really set the stage for the 1840 election was a colossal financial crisis devastating  the nation. After the eight years of Andrew Jackson’s presidency, Jackson’s vice president, the lifelong politician Martin Van Buren of New York, was elected in 1836. And the following year the country was rocked by the Panic of 1837, one of a series of financial panics of the 19th century. Van Buren was hopelessly ineffective in handling the crisis. As banks and businesses failed, and an economic depression dragged on, Van Buren took the blame. Sensing an opportunity, the Whig Party sought a candidate to challenge Van Burens reelection and selected a man whose career had peaked decades earlier. William Henry Harrison, the Whig Candidate Though he would be portrayed as a rustic frontiersman, William Henry Harrison, who was born in Virginia in 1773, actually came from what might be called Virginia nobility. His father, Benjamin Harrison, had been a signer of the Declaration of Independence and later served as governor of Virginia. In his youth, William Henry Harrison had received a classical education in Virginia. After deciding against a career in medicine he joined the military, receiving an officer’s commission signed by President George Washington. Harrison was posted to what was then called the Northwest Territory and served as the territorial governor of Indiana from 1800 to 1812. When Indians led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh rose up against the American settlers and allied with the British in the War of 1812, Harrison fought them. Harrison’s forces killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames, in Canada. However, a previous battle, Tippecanoe, though not considered a great triumph at the time, would become part of American political lore years later. His Indian fighting days behind him, Harrison settled in Ohio and served terms in the House of Representatives and the Senate. And in 1836, he ran against Martin Van Buren for the presidency and lost. The Whigs nominated Harrison as the partys presidential candidate in 1840. One obvious point in his favor was that he wasn’t closely associated with any of the controversies gripping the nation, and his candidacy, therefore, didnt offend any particular groups of voters. Image Making Entered American Politics in 1840 The supporters of Harrison began creating an image of him as a war hero, and touted his experience at the Battle of Tippecanoe, 28 years earlier. While it’s true that Harrison had been the commander at that battle against the Indians, he had actually been criticized for his actions at the time. The Shawnee warriors had surprised his troops, and casualties had been high for the soldiers under Harrison’s command. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! In 1840 the details of that long-ago battle were forgotten. And when John Tyler of Virginia was nominated as Harrison’s running mate, the classic American political slogan was born: â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! The Log Cabin Candidate The Whigs also promoted Harrison as the log cabin candidate. He was portrayed in woodcut illustrations as residing in a humble log cabin on the western frontier, a fact that was contradicted by his birth as something of a Virginia aristocrat. The log cabin became a commonplace symbol of Harrisons candidacy. In its collection of materials related to the 1840 Harrison campaign, the Smithsonian Institution has a wooden model of a log cabin that was carried in torchlight parades. Campaign Songs Entered American Politics in 1840 Harrison’s campaign in 1840 was noteworthy not just for slogans, but for songs. A number of campaign ditties were quickly composed and sold by sheet music publishers. Some examples can be viewed at the Library of Congress (on these pages, click the view this item link): Tippecanoe and Tyler TooThe Tippecanoe Club Quick StepOld Tippecanoe’s Raisin’The Invincible Old Tippecanoe Alcohol Fueled the 1840 Presidential Campaign The Democrats supporting Martin Van Buren scoffed at the image created of William Henry Harrison and derided him by saying Harrison was an old man who would be content to sit in his log cabin and drink hard cider. The Whigs neutralized that attack by embracing it, and took to saying that Harrison was the hard cider candidate. A popular legend is that a Philadelphia distiller named E.C. Booz provided hard cider to distribute at rallies of Harrison supporters. That may be true, but a story that Boozs name gave the English language the word booze is a tall tale. The word actually existed for centuries before Harrison and his hard cider campaign. The Hard Cider and Log Cabin Candidate Won the Election Harrison avoided discussion of the issues, and let his campaign based on hard cider and log cabins proceed. And it worked, as Harrison won in an electoral landslide. The 1840 campaign was notable for being the first campaign with slogans and songs, but the victor holds another distinction: the shortest term in office of any American president. William Henry Harrison took the oath of office on March 4, 1841, and delivered the longest inaugural address in history. On a very cold day, the 68-year-old Harrison spoke for two hours on the steps of the Capitol. He developed pneumonia and never recovered. One month later he was dead, becoming the first American president to die in office. Tyler Too Became President After Harrisons Death Harrisons running mate, John Tyler, became the first vice president to ascend to the presidency upon the death of a president. Tylers administration was lackluster, and he was derided as the accidental president. As for William Henry Harrison, his place in history was secured not by his fleeting presidential tenure, but for being the first presidential candidate whose campaign featured slogans, songs, and a carefully manufactured image.

Different types of Bullying Essay - 1550 Words

More than 160,000 students miss school every day, due to fear of attack or intimidation by other students, in other words getting bullied. Many of these students prefer to not say a thing. Ever wondered what it feels like? Majority of people know this occurs everywhere but just ignore it; not only that, some victims like to stay quiet due to fear. Based on case studies and statistics, there’s evidence to suggest that bullying can cause negative effects socially, emotionally, and physiologically on children. Types of Bullying There are many types of bullying one of them is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying had become very popular now and days. This type of bullying takes place on the internet, via text, or any multimedia device.†¦show more content†¦Emotional bullying is when kids hurt others feeling. Lastly verbal bullying is when kids get bullied by words or foul language and get put down. All of these types of bullying bring damages to a kid physiologically. Kids get bullied in school a lot. Sometimes, they do not have the best clothes, or because they are not economically the same as others. Some get bullied because they are not as social as other kids and prefer to stay alone most of the time. Physical appearance meaning as in size, color, or ethnicity can cause a kid to get bullied in school also. What do these kids go through? They get pushed at in the hallways. They get named called in class with words such as â€Å"freak† or â€Å"lame†. Not only that, sometimes these kids aren’t allowed to sit in certain areas in the lunch tables or they would get teased at for just being there. The commonest type of bullying is general name calling, followed by being hit, threatened, or having rumors spread about one. Bullying is thought to be more prevalent among boys and the youngest pupils in a school (smith 1). What are the effects bullying cause in bullied kids’ lives? Causes and Effect Kids should go through bullying at some point in their life so they can become stronger human beings and learn that life is not always great, however, studies show that words from family members or other people can hurt them and scar them for life. â€Å"Words actually hurt† is a quote wellShow MoreRelatedThe Different Types Of Bullying1864 Words   |  8 Pagesabout bullying the first thing they think of is who got picked on in school today? Well bullying is not just in school, it is everywhere and anywhere you could think of. Perhaps maybe at work, or in church, or maybe in an athletic contest of some sort. They would not let anyone walk over them no matter who they were. Victims and bullies have the same consequences on both ends of the deal. Victims can suffer from multiple things during and or after getting bullied. 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An important and well known website named stopbullying.com unleashed factual information that helps, as well educates families on this topic: â€Å"In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Department of Education released the first federal uniform definition of bullying for research and surveillance †¦ there are many different modes and types of bullying. The current definitionRead MoreEssay on Different Types of Cyber Bullying586 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Bullying Bullying is a bad thing but the worst of all the types of bullying is cyber bulling, it is a terrible weapon that can destroy someones life and reputation. Cyber bullying is a part of bullying in which a person torments or harasses other people in a deliberate, repeated, and hostile manner, with technology. It has had a much greater effect on the world more than the traditional way of bullying. 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It is the use of force to exploit the resources of others in order to achieve a particular interest; which stems from the need to force the owner of the resources and the talents and abilities of others to employ them in a manner expediency. Regardless of the meaning of bullying, it certainlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Children And Young Adults Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesis by bullying others. Bullying is a huge problem in younger teens and young adults. It causes people to have low self esteem, depression, loneliness, suicidal thoughts,making them not want to go to school anymore, anger and hurt, and many more causes.Bullying isn t only hard for the victim it is hard as well for those who are surrounded by the victim.Most teachers and parents who are trying to fix or solve the bullying can t do it in just one step. They have to detect what type of bullying it isRead MoreBull ying : The Common Way Of Bullying979 Words   |  4 PagesMelissa Grimes Trossman Composition 7 December 2015 Bullying Bullying is being mean to another person over and over. Bullying includes many different forms: teasing, saying something to hurt another person, spreading rumors, attacking someone or hitting them, or leaving someone out on purpose. (stopbullying.gov). There are three types of bullying: emotional, physical and cyberbullying. Students are bullied for many different reasons. Reasons such as weight, race, skin color, height, educationalRead MoreThe Common Types Of Bullying864 Words   |  4 Pagesissue in our society today. Bullying is a big problem, mainly in kids and teens. Bullies need to learn to â€Å"love one another’, and for the bully not put all their anger on another because of certain situation are not going right. This issue is stressing our society and possibly reshaping our future. There are four common types of bullying. All these types can be spotted in many different places and ways. According to ERASEBULLYING.com, the types of bullying are physical, verbal, socialRead MoreThe Common Types Of Bullying1732 Words   |  7 PagesBullying involves repeated acts of anger and violent behavior. A child who grows into this infamous term known as a â€Å"bully†, result into preying on and threatening a victim who is weaker physically, mentally and emotionally. There are four common types of bullying. It is important for parents to understand which type of bullying is concerning their child so they can understand what is happening to them and what actions should be taken to help their child. The first type of bullying is physical bullying

Clown Essay Example For Students

Clown Essay Clown a performer, usually in a circus, who plays the fool, performs practical jokes, and does tricks to make people laugh. Other names for clowns are buffoon, jester, fool, conjurer, mirthmaker, tumbler, gleeman, mime, actor, harlequin,merry counselor, comic, and puppeteer. Even though there are many types of clowns, each clown develops a face, meaning a personality. A clowns face, once created, becomes the clowns unique personal property. Whiteface The oldest type of clown is the whiteface, which dates back to the 18th century. The white color of the face was first done with flour. White lead replaced flour, but in the 1880s, when lead was discovered to be poisonous, safer greasepaints were found. Thewhiteface clown evolved from earlier whiteface theatrical entertainers. One of the most popular whiteface charactersin history is Harlequin, a comic personality in the Italian theater form commedia dellarte. English actor John Rich, who performed in the early and mid-18th century, was the most famous Harlequin of his time. After the mid-18th century, the clown gradually replaced the Harlequin character. English entertainer Joseph Grimaldi played an instrumental role in this shift. Still today you can find clowns which will do the whitefaced act but you would have to look along way to find anything also the whitefaced clown does not use the grease paint the use a type of make-up which is thick and very rich in color and yo u can find it all over the place. CharacterIIn the early 20th century a third category of characterization developed from the so-called carpet clown, who performed short, solo routines between circus acts. These character clowns, as they are known today, include any clown who has a unique routine and who usually works alone or without a partner in a large group. The character clown is the most realistic of the clown types. Character clowns make fun of different features of the human face through exaggeration, including beards, whiskers, warts, large noses, bald heads, and strange haircuts. The most popular character is the hobo or tramp clown, which is probably the only clown type originally developed in the United States. The development of the tramp clown, however, owes much of its inspiration to English actor Charlie Chaplin. During his career, Chaplin played the part of the Little Tramp in many motion pictures. Two other famous tramp clowns are Otto Griebling and Emmett Kelly, close friends who performed in the e arly and mid-20th century. Griebling developed the routine of banging tin pie plates together and pitting the audience on one side of a circus tent against the audience on the other in a contest of screams and applause. Many circus clowns still use this routine today as a way of warming up an audience before a show. Kelly is probably the best known of the tramp clowns. While working as a young sketch artist, he created his famous Weary Willie as a cartoon character. Willie was a little hobo, who dressed in dirty rags and a tattered hat and was down on his luck. Auguste Another type of clown is auguste, which developed in the mid-19th century. One of the more popular auguste clowns was an American named Tom Belling. 1864 in a European performance, Belling, (an acrobat and horseback rider) rummaged through a costume trunk, looking for a new comic identity. Dressed in a torn up coat, an old wig on his head backwards, and red grease-paint on his nose, he was accidently pushed into the r ing by the circus owner. Unfamiliar with his new costume, Belling tripped over his own coat and fell on his face in the center ring. The people who seen thisyeelled out August!, German for a stupid, bumbling fool. The auguste clown wears a bulbous red nose, oversize shoes, wigs which are bright colors, and really big clthes that usually never matched. They uaully leave most of there natural skin color showing or use a pink or red makeup instead of the white.There face was usally drawn on to help them give some facial expression. The auguste clown will stumble, slap each other around, and is usually made fun of. Lou Jacobs, the most famous American auguste clown, used to paint large white patches around his eyes. His bald head was shaped like a cone, with red hair around the ear. Jacobs also wore a red rubber-ball nose. He retired in 1988 at the age of 84. Two of Americas most famous clown characters also fit into the auguste category: Ronald McDonald, which is the Mcdonalds profit m aker of young childreb and old, and Bozo who now owns his own Tv show with dozens of oter clowns. He was based on the 20th-century Italian clown Albert Fratellini. .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .postImageUrl , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:hover , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:visited , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:active { border:0!important; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:active , .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82 .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7f6044f9306f6ec0386952b23220d82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "Lord of the Flies" Expository EssayNew Vaudeville Modern, or new vaudeville, clowns are clowns who have turned away from traditional clown acts. Usually, the new vaudevillian clown works alone, typically without makeup. The new vaudeville clown seeks to relate with audience members rather than perform for them. Some of the new vaudeville clowns perform with circuses, while others in theaters. But their routines are based on clowning. An example of a new vaudeville performers include the Bill Irwin early in his new career Irwin was named Willy .a whiteface clown. He doesnt wear makeup anymore instead, he uses his facial expressions to show is comedy to people instead of through the visual. Clown College Clowning is a technique which has to be taught over a few years they call it the art of clowning it sounds silly but clowning is a very serious job it starts with the way you look all the way down to the way you sound. With the fit clowns there was no school or colleges and it was also if you werent funny the first time you never will be. But know it is a profession for a lot of peole and if you become good enough you can have a very large profit. Also with the clown college there is more than one kind of clown such as a rodeo clown. He will have to go to school for usually three years which will pay good because it is a high risk job.

Imprisoning Offenders for Australian Justice - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImprisoning Offenders for Australian Justice System. Answer: From the very beginning, prison has not only been considered as an institution but also as a centre of correction in which inmates have lived their lives and experienced the worst. Traditionally, the concept of prison was based on the perspective that, individuals who have committed wrong against the society are bound to be kept in prisons. In this regard, scholars were of the opinion that for the purpose of protecting the society from crime and disorder, it is important to imprison offenders (Armstrong and Maruna 2016). In modern era, adequate research has been conducted on the life of the inmates inside the prisons however; the effects and necessity of incarceration was not emphasized. The essay is commissioned to examine the fact that why imprisonment of offenders plays significant role in the Australian Justice System and the impact of incarceration on inmates however; much emphasis is laid on the fact that why prisons are considered to be obsolete. In the past the criminal justice system of Australia was complex in nature however; in recent era, with the implementation of various programs and individualized treatments, the criminal justice system of Australia gained new shape (Baldry and Cunneen 2014). According to the perspective of modern authors, the community of Australia deserves an efficient criminal justice system which would be beneficial in enhancing community safety. However, it is important on the part of the Australian Justice System to apply appropriate policies for the purpose of holding the offenders accountable for their criminal activities by ensuring the outcomes of their actions (Tonry 2015). It is noteworthy to mention here that, from the beginning, the primary objective of the Australian Justice System is community security and protection. However, community safety can be ensured if the crime rates are reduced considerably and the individuals of the society are deterred from further commission of crimes. It is evident that an offender shall be able to reform himself if he remains within the community however; in this regard, the community plays a major role in accepting such offenders back into the society (White 2015). The Criminal Justice System of Australia has undermined the risks related to this matter from time to time (Buchanon, Swanson and Swartz 2017). Now the question lies in the fact that why imprisoning the offenders is important for the Australian Justice System. This is due to the reason that with the imprisoning of offenders, the risk towards the society can be reduced to a large extent. In this regard, the Australian Justice System has undertaken flexible sentencing regimes for the purpose of improving community safety and contributing towards lower rates of recidivism (Glass 2016). It is worth noting that due to the implementation of such policies in the Australian Justice System, significant results has been achieved in managing the number of offenders in the communi ty. However, it has contributed towards an increase in number of inmates in the prisons of Australia. It is worthwhile to mention here that the criminal justice system of Australia has proved to be beneficial in protecting the interests and security of the community to a large extent. In this regard, the criminal justice system has been considered to be just and fair for enforcing and applying various successful programs for the elimination of crime from the society. Therefore, much emphasis has been laid upon the concept of sentencing and its significance for the betterment of the community. In the early 1980s, an unprecedented growth has been experienced in the prison population of Australia (Jeffries and Newbold 2016). As a result of such rapid increase of rates in prison population, highest per capita incarceration rate has been witnessed in Australia as compared to other industrialized democracies. In this context, mention can be made regarding the substantial increase in the number of inmates in Australian prisons that has efficiently attributed to the elimination of crimes fro m 1975 to 1985 (Tubex, Blagg and Tulich 2018). During that period, it was observed that, for the purpose of enhancing quick response towards the issue of increasing crime within the communities, various policymakers and government authorities demanded to introduce tough policies involving lengthy determinate sentences (Kapellas and Jamieson 2016). Therefore, due to such reasons, imprisoning the offenders became an important matter of concern to the Australian Justice System. It is worth mentioning that, as a result of increasing desire on the part of the general public to severely punish the offenders for their criminal activities in order to deter them from committing further crime in future, incarceration of the offenders is still a significant part of the justice system of Australia. In spite of various efforts on the part of modern researchers in conducting extensive regarding the subject-matter of criminal justice system, the perceptions of inmates regarding prison life has been largely ignored. Therefore, the perceptions of the inmates shall be emphasized in relation to the sociological and psychological impact as well as their intention to avoid criminal activities after release. In recent era, plenty of research has been conducted for the purpose of examining the impact of incarceration on the inmates. According to the perspectives of early researchers, since time immemorial, incarceration had created negative psychological and physical effects on the inmates (Kelly and Armitage 2015). These impact included depression, suicidal tendencies and emotional withdrawal. However, in modern society, effort has been made by the prison authorities and various government officials to reduce the dreadful impact of incarceration on the inmates. It is evident that the objective of prison is to provide appropriate cure to the offenders for the purpose of reincarnating them. However, it can be seen that, in reality prisons do more harm to the offenders than good. The pain associated with jail confinement creates harmful impact on the inmates in various ways. However, the most important of them are psychological and sociological impact. It is worthwhile to mention here that prisons have been designed for the purpose of converting the inmates into responsible citizen of the society. Unfortunately, recent researches have shown that life in a prison is a form of torture which results into various psychological effects which can be emphasized as depression, delusions and dissatisfaction with life (Lawson 2015). However, the sociological impacts are associated with isolation from family and relatives, the shame of being imprisoned and non-acceptance on the part of the society after being released. It can be observed that the prisone rs on release face various psychological disturbances which promote the occurrence of more criminal activities in the future. It is noteworthy to mention here that these psychological impacts are sometimes destructive in nature which creates instances of madness substance abuse on the part of the inmates. In most of the cases, there is a feeling of shame on the part of the prison inmates regarding the matter of being incarcerated. In this regard, the inmates develop suicidal tendencies as a result of prolonged victimization (Nettelbeck 2018). As a result of such sociological and psychological impact, the dependency of the inmates towards the institutional structures has increased considerably. Therefore, interpersonal distrust and suspicion among the jail inmates have increased to a large extent which resulted into various exploitive activities within the prison structure. Due to the reason of being incarcerated, inmates are socially withdrawn and isolated from the community and due to lack of support on the part of the society; the sense of self-worth and personal value has diminished to a great extent (Perry 2016). The argument regarding the fact that whether prisons are obsolete has been established for the purpose of emphasizing the fact that whether it is important to abolish prisons or not. In the opinion of Angela Davis, an author and activist, the structural framework of prisons has been designed for the purpose of promoting a new form of slavery. According to her perspective, the reformative policies of the prisons are not well structured and therefore as a result of it inmates are horribly tortured especially women (Davis 2011). According to her point of view, that there are better ways in which the criminal activities of the inmates can be addressed and therefore it is essential for the communities to change their perspectives towards criminals and contribute to the abolition of prisons in the long term. It can be stated that in modern era, the structural framework of prisons are quite complex which involves various forms of modern slavery, cruelty and corruptions. Therefore, it is wor th noting that the argument presented by Angela Davis can prove to be efficient in presenting the idea that it is important to reform or rehabilitate the inmates rather than punishing them brutally. In the conclusion, it can be stated that the present conditions of incarceration under the Australian Justice System has been improved. Therefore, there is a greater chance on the part of the government policies and programs to emphasize on rehabilitating offenders for the purpose of improving public safety and preventing future crimes. However, efforts should be demonstrated on the fact that the programs should be implemented for the benefit of the inmates and not for the purpose of making their conditions even more worsening. References: Armstrong, R. and Maruna, S., 2016. Examining imprisonment through a social justice lens.Justice and penal reform: Re-shaping the penal landscape, pp.138-161. Baldry, E. and Cunneen, C., 2014. Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,47(2), pp.276-298. Buchanon, A., Swanson, J.W. and Swartz, M.S., 2017. Community psychiatric treatment under legal mandates: the international experience.Care of the Mentally Disordered Offender in the Community, p.243. Davis, A.Y., 2011.Are prisons obsolete?. Seven Stories Press. Glass, D., 2016. Investigation into the rehabilitation and reintegration of prisoners in Victoria.Advancing Corrections Journal: Edition# 1-2016, P.101. Jeffries, S. and Newbold, G., 2016. Analysing trends in the imprisonment of women in Australia and New Zealand.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,23(2), pp.184-206. Kapellas, K. and Jamieson, L.M., 2016. Historical consequences of colonialism, disempowerment, and reactionary government decisions in relation to imprisonment rates in Australia's Northern Territory: a potential solution.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved,27(1), pp.11-29. Kelly, L. and Armitage, V., 2015. Diverse diversions: youth justice reform, localized practices, and a new interventionist diversion?.Youth Justice,15(2), pp.117-133. Lawson, C., 2015. Does imprisonment work?.Legaldate,27(2), p.9. Nettelbeck, A., 2018. Creating the Aboriginal Vagrant: Protective Governance and Indigenous Mobility in Colonial Australia.Pacific Historical Review,87(1), pp.79-100. Perry, A., 2016. Substitute decision-making for individuals under public guardianship involved with the criminal justice system in New South Wales, Australia. Tonry, M., 2015. Is cross-national and comparative research on the criminal justice system useful?.European journal of criminology,12(4), pp.505-516.. Tubex, H., Blagg, H. and Tulich, T., 2018. Western Australian penal culture and indigenous over representation: Evaluating 25 years of law, policy and practice.University of Western Australia Law Review,43(1), p.264. White, R., 2015. Indigenous young people and hyperincarceration in Australia.Youth Justice,15(3), pp.256-270.